FEDERAL CHARACTER PRINCIPLE AND QUOTA SYSYEM IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Today in Nigeria the use of federal character and quota system has become an instrument for recruitment into federal, state and local government civil service. In most federal system of government, the major issue is usually that of resources sharing among the federal units at horizontal and vertical level. According to Elaigwu (1992) where the sharing arrangements are working well, there are less agitations and citizens have a feeling of belonging and equity. On the other hand where the quota system is not working well the citizen agitates and makes all sorts of demands such as call for national conference, etc. However, in Nigeria, after a series of debate in 1975 the constitutional drafting committee was set up which established federal character commission as a body charge with the responsibility of implementing the federal character principle in order to ensured equitable sharing of posts in the public services. This was also enshrined in the 1999 federal constitution of federal republic of Nigeria.

The federal character and quota system as enshrined in the constitution of Nigeria is to ensure equitable distributions of bureaucratic and political roles in the public service at federal, states and local government levels. The objectives of the policy are to foster national unity and give every Nigerian a sense of belonging in the country. In support of this view Usman(2004) said that it was an effort to readdress the unbalanced structure and ethnic domination in government so that national integration could be achieved. The federal character principle which is implemented under the federal character commission is therefore designed and initiated to correct adverse impact resulting from opportunities and resources provided by the federal government to the citizens of the country that appears neutral but have a discriminatory effect on a protected group. The federal character principle is therefore structured to ensure strong and indivisible nation based on justice and fairness, while also ensuring that a sense of belonging of all Nigerians is still maintained. As laudable as the above policy maybe, and the empowerment of the concept in the nation’s constitution, its application has remain a debatable topic to which some critics have claimed that the policy comprise the merit system which will create an enabling environment for those that are only qualified to be employed into the Nigerian civil service, thereby fostering quality service rendering for the development of the country. According To Ekeh(1989) Federal character principle has become a problem instead of solution to problems it was expected to tackle. Bodunrin(2003) also in assessing the Federal Character from the merit perspective, asserts that the federal character principle is counter-productive. Therefore it is important to note that, efficient manpower utilization is determined through effective credible recruitment. But Idumange(2008) specifically lists two areas where the Federal government has been most successful in implementing the federal character principle; The National Youth Service Corps(NYSC) and recruitment into the Armed Forces. Thus this ensures Nigerians get their own share of the ‘national cake’ rather than agitations which has prevented another civil war in the country.

1.2 Statement of problem

There is no doubt that every research work must have statement of problem to which this research works is not an exception. There are many cases going on in Nigeria that the federal character principle has been unjustly implemented. Also the annual reports from the publications of the federal character commission shows that a lot of complaint arise as a result of breach of federal character principles by some establishments for example in the federal character monitor, a quarterly publication of the commission (2008:5) accused and summoned the Nigeria communication commission over breach of federal character principles.

More so, the inefficiency of the policy in recruiting manpower potentials into the organization and the selection of employees which is not based on merit but the federal character principles are some of the problems that affect the efficient performance of the Nigerian public service. Furthermore, the poor performance of employee’s discovered by the president Olusegun Obasanjo led administration was traced to poor manpower utilization and poor quality of civil servants, also testify to this weakness. Thus, in view of the above problems, the need to analyze recruitment process in government establishments are strategic and must be structured properly.

1.3 Objective of study

The following are primary objectives of this study:

1. To examine the extent to which the federal character and quota system is jeopardizing merit in the recruitment and of personnel in the public service.

2.  To identify the effectiveness and efficiency of the federal character principle

and quota system in the recruitment of personnel into the public service.

3. To identify probable problems in the application of the federal character principle  and  quota  system  on  the  recruitment  of  personnel  into  the

public service.

4. To examine the overall implications of federal character principle and quota system on the recruitment exercise in the public service.

1.4 Research question

The following research question guides this study:

1. To what extent is the federal character principle and quota system jeopardizing merit in the recruitment of personnel in the public service?

2. How efficient and effective is the federal character principle and quota system in the recruitment of personnel into the public service?

3. What are the probable problems in the application of the federal character principle and quota system in the recruitment exercise of the public service?

4. What are the overall implications of federal character principle and quota system on recruitment exercise at public service?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

1. The application of federal character principle and quota system is largely to an extent jeopardizing merit in the recruitment of personnel into the public service.

2. That the federal character principle and quota system is inefficient and ineffective in the recruitment of personnel into the public service.

3. That there are probable problems in the application of the federal character principle and quota system on the recruitment of personnel into the public service.

4. That the federal character principle and quota system has numerous implications on the recruitment exercise in the public service.

1.6 Significance of study

The importance of this research work cannot be over emphasized. However, this study intends to examine the application of federal character principle and quota system in the Nigerian public service: jeopardizing the meritocracy of the service, particularly examining recruitment exercise at the FIRS and assess the commission in charge of the application of the federal character principle in the Nigeria public service. Also the study examines and reviews the implication of federal character principle on manpower utilization in public service at federal, states and local government level in Nigeria. 

This study will further add to existing literature on this study domain and as well serve as a reference material to scholars, researchers and students who may want to carry out further research on this topic or related area in the future.

1.8 Scope of study

This study focuses on investigating Federal character principle and quota system in Nigeria

1.7 Limitation of study

Finance,inadequate materials and time constraint were the challenges the researchers encountered during the course of the study.

1.8 Definition of terms

Federal Character Principle: A principle of representativeness in which recruitment, promotion and distribution of other state resource are aimed at establishing a fair balance of ethnic and regional representation in all federal government agencies and parastatals (Agbodike 2003)

Quota System: A system which limits or prescribes certain shares, or quotas,