ANALYSIS ON  THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL LEADERS IN CAMEROONIAN POLITICS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The political environment of Cameroon is characterised by a multifaceted interaction between contemporary democratic frameworks and conventional modes of governing. Traditional leaders have a prominent role among the latter group, exerting considerable influence over local communities and often interacting with official political mechanisms. A comprehensive comprehension of the significance of traditional leaders in the political landscape of Cameroon is essential in order to gain insight into the intricacies of governance, the allocation of power, and the maintenance of socio-political equilibrium within the nation (Kenneth and Toyin, 2018). The objective of this background research is to provide a comprehensive examination of the historical, cultural, and political circumstances that have influenced the involvement of traditional leaders within the political framework of Cameroon. The history of Cameroon is characterised by its richness and diversity, including a multitude of ethnic groups, each with unique customs and systems of administration. According to Linnea (2018), pre-colonial cultures were mostly ruled by traditional systems that were overseen by chiefs, monarchs, or other customary authority. The political environment of Cameroon saw substantial changes with the advent of European powers, notably the Germans, followed by the French and British. Colonial administrators often appropriated or marginalised indigenous leaders, using indirect forms of administration that aimed to retain authority while upholding elements of native governance frameworks. In 1960, Cameroon achieved independence from colonial authority, resulting in the establishment of the Federal Republic of Cameroon (French Cameroon) and in 1961, British Southern Cameroons obtained independence (Wooi & Ismail, 2017). Nevertheless, the enduring impact of colonialism persisted in shaping the political institutions and power dynamics of the nation. The integration of traditional leaders into the newly constituted state machinery exhibited a range of outcomes, as some leaders maintained their authority at the local level, while others were marginalised or assimilated by central authorities. The function of traditional leaders within the context of decentralised administration is acknowledged by the Constitution of Cameroon. The nation is geographically partitioned into several regions and administrative divisions, with each division being represented by a governor who is designated by the central government. According to Songwe (2021), traditional leaders at the local level often occupy many roles, including village chiefs, clan heads, or councillors. These positions include a wide range of duties, including conflict resolution and resource management. Furthermore, in order to formalise the connection between traditional authority and the state, the government has implemented several organisations, including the National Council of Traditional Chiefs and the Ministry of Traditional Affairs. Over the last several decades, Cameroon has seen notable political transformations and obstacles, including deliberations on decentralisation, ethno-linguistic conflicts, and the emergence of opposition factions. In light of these circumstances, traditional leaders have assumed a significant role as intermediaries between communities and the state, facilitating the mobilisation of support for political candidates, and campaigning for the interests of their respective constituencies (Enor, 2015). Nevertheless, the position of traditional leaders is not without of controversy, as detractors contend that they often sustain disparities, marginalisation, and networks of patronage that undermine the fundamental tenets of democracy. To comprehend the significance of traditional leaders in Cameroonian politics, one must take into account the socio-cultural elements that influence their power and credibility. Numerous communities get a sense of identity and coherence from traditional systems of governance, which are firmly grounded in local traditions, belief systems, and social hierarchies. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that these institutions have the potential to sustain disparities that are rooted in variables such as gender, race, and ancestry. This raises concerns about their alignment with contemporary principles of democracy and human rights. The role, functions, and affects of traditional leaders in Cameroonian politics have not been extensively studied within the larger political environment, despite their significant importance. The objective of this empirical investigation is to fill the existing knowledge gap by conducting an in-depth examination of the historical, legal, institutional, and socio-cultural aspects of traditional leadership in Cameroon. Through a comprehensive analysis of the intricate and subtle aspects of this subject matter, the research endeavours to provide a valuable contribution towards enhancing comprehension of the mechanisms that influence governance and democracy in Cameroon and other regions (Hales, 2015). 

In summary, the involvement of traditional leaders in the political landscape of Cameroon is characterised by a complex interplay of historical legacy, legal structures, socio-cultural factors, and present-day political circumstances. This first investigation establishes the foundation for further scholarly inquiry and examination, emphasising the intricacies and ramifications of conventional leadership within the framework of democratic governance and political advancement in Cameroon.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Traditional leaders in Cameroon have significant influence in the complex political environment, often acting as middlemen between the government and local people (Songwe, 2021). Nevertheless, despite their widespread existence, the precise characteristics and scope of their function remain unclear and little investigated in academic literature. The position of traditional leaders in Cameroonian politics continues to be a topic of debate and uncertainty, despite their historical importance and ongoing relevance (Kah, 2015). Following independence, the establishment of a centralised state machinery, together with constitutional requirements, has resulted in an intricate interaction between traditional authority and the official political framework. This intricacy is seen in several manifestations, encompassing: 

The lack of a well-defined legal framework presents difficulties in governance and decision-making processes due to the absence of clear distinctions between the duties and responsibilities of traditional leaders and elected officials within the constitutional structure. 

a. Political Instrumentalization: Political elites often assume control or use traditional leaders to promote their own partisan objectives, so diminishing their independence and credibility as impartial decision-makers. 

b. Marginalisation and exclusion may be seen within certain ethnic groups or areas, leading to the exacerbation of social conflicts and the erosion of legitimacy in government institutions. 

c. Inconsistencies in Representation: Traditional leaders may claim that they represent the interests of their communities, but their legitimacy and representativeness are called into doubt since they lack democratic responsibilities and methods for holding them accountable. Therefore, this research aims to examine the significance of traditional leaders in the political landscape of Cameroon.

1.3 Objective of the study

The broad objective of the study is to analyze the role of the role of traditional leaders in Cameroonian politics. The specific objectives is as follows

Investigate the historical evolution of traditional leadership in Cameroon political landscape.

Examine the contemporary roles and functions of traditional leaders within the framework of Cameroonian politics.

Evaluate the relationships and power dynamics between traditional leaders and modern political institutions in Cameroon.

Identify the challenges faced by traditional leaders in navigating their roles in Cameroonian politics. 

1.4 Research Questions

The following questions have been prepared to guide the study

What is the historical evolution of traditional leadership in Cameroon political landscape?

What are the contemporary roles and functions of traditional leaders within the framework of Cameroonian politics?

What is the relationships and power dynamics between traditional leaders and modern political institutions in Cameroon?

What are the challenges faced by traditional leaders in navigating their roles in Cameroonian politics?

1.5 Significance of the study

The findings of this research will contribute to scholarly debates on traditional governance systems, political dynamics, and state-society relations in Africa. Moreover, the insights generated will inform policy discourse and advocacy efforts aimed at fostering inclusive governance, democratic consolidation, and conflict resolution in Cameroon and beyond. By elucidating the complexities and potentials inherent in traditional leadership, this study endeavors to contribute to the promotion of pluralistic, participatory, and sustainable governance models in diverse socio-cultural contexts.

1.6 Scope of the study

The study focuses on  analyze the role of the role of traditional leaders in Cameroonian politics. Empirically, the study will investigate the historical evolution of traditional leadership in Cameroon political landscape, examine the contemporary roles and functions of traditional leaders within the framework of Cameroonian politics,  evaluate the relationships and power dynamics between traditional leaders and modern political institutions in Cameroon and identify the challenges faced by traditional leaders in navigating their roles in Cameroonian politics.

1.7 Research Methodology

Research methodology deals with the different ways or methods the researcher applied in order to carry out the research as well as the instrument used for gathering the data. There are several research methodologies appropriate for answering the research questions. The type of research methodology used in this research to gather data and relevant information is the historical research and the study will adopt descriptive method of data collection. This will involve the collection of materials from secondary sources, such as books, journal articles, magazines, internet sources, international and national conference proceedings, published and unpublished articles.

1.8 Definition of terms

Traditional Leaders: Individuals who hold positions of authority within traditional or customary governance structures in Cameroon. These leaders often derive their authority from cultural or historical significance and may include chiefs, elders, or other community figures who play influential roles in local governance and decision-making processes.

Traditional Authority: The legitimacy and power vested in traditional leaders by customary laws, cultural norms, and historical traditions. This authority may coexist or interact with formal state structures and may vary in scope and significance across different regions and communities within Cameroon.

Political Participation: The engagement of traditional leaders in political processes, including but not limited to voting, advocacy, lobbying, campaigning, and holding political office. This term also encompasses their involvement in grassroots mobilization, community development projects, and interactions with government officials and institutions

Power Dynamics: The interplay of relationships and distributions of power between traditional leaders, formal political actors, societal groups, and other stakeholders within the political landscape of Cameroon. This includes the negotiation of authority, influence, resources, and competing interests among various actors.