AN INVESTIGATION ON THE IMPACT OF TRIBALISM ON NATIONAL POLITICS IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Tribalism, a pervasive characteristic in several communities, presents substantial obstacles to the political terrain of countries worldwide. Cameroon, a nation renowned for its multifaceted cultural and ethnic composition, confronts the widespread impact of tribalism on its political mechanisms and frameworks (Asongu and Nwachukwu, 2016b). The objective of this research is to examine the many effects of tribalism on the political landscape of Cameroon, investigating its historical roots, various expressions, and the resulting implications for governance, democracy, and societal unity. Central Africa is home to Cameroon, a country renowned for its diverse array of ethnic groups, languages, and customs. The area has been historically populated by several tribes, each characterised by distinct traditions, customs, and socio-political frameworks. The demographic landscape of Cameroon was significantly influenced by colonial authority, namely under the German and French administrations. This resulted in the integration of several ethnic groups within the confines of the contemporary nation-state (Asongu and Nwachukwu, 2016c). After gaining independence, Cameroon saw the strengthening of authority under President Ahmadou Ahidjo and subsequently, Paul Biya, both of whom skillfully managed the intricate interaction of ethnic dynamics to maintain political dominance. Nevertheless, throughout this era, there was also a notable rise in tribal-oriented politics, as several ethnic factions competed for power and representation within the governmental structure. Tribalism continues to have significant influence in modern Cameroon, exerting its impact on political affiliations, voting behaviours, and policy-making processes (Churchill, Okai, & Posso, 2015). The phenomenon of politicising ethnicity has resulted in the emergence of ethnic blocs, whereby political parties often align themselves based on tribal affiliations in order to garner electoral support. Furthermore, it is worth noting that tribal identification often has a significant role in shaping access to resources, government posts, and socio-economic possibilities, hence reinforcing existing inequalities and marginalisation (Kodila-Tedika & Asongu, 2015). 

Tribalism is evident not alone within the realm of electoral politics, but also inside governance institutions, when the prevalence of nepotism and favouritism towards individuals of the same ethnic background is seen. This phenomenon intensifies corruption and weakens the principles of meritocracy, hence impeding the efficacy of government and development endeavours. Moreover, according to Al-Sharif (2017), there are instances when ethnic tensions may escalate into acts of violence, as shown by the Anglophone Crisis. This crisis has been characterised by grievances related to marginalisation and perceived prejudice, which have contributed to the emergence of separatist sentiments among English-speaking individuals in Cameroon. The historical origins of tribalism in Cameroon may be attributed to the colonial period, during which European powers partitioned the country into several regions, often exhibiting preferential treatment towards certain ethnic groups for administrative objectives (Azzeh, 2017). The establishment of this split resulted in enduring ethnic inequalities in the distribution of resources, opportunities, and political influence, which have continued to exist even after the end of colonial rule. Tribalism is seen in several manifestations within the political domain of Cameroon, including the allocation of governmental posts, distribution of public resources, and election campaigns. Political parties often rally support based on ethnic affiliations, capitalising on tribal prejudices to get votes and strengthen their hold on power. According to Bush (2015), this particular behaviour not only violates the fundamental values of democracy and equality, but also serves to maintain divides between the varied people of Cameroon. 

Tribalism has a complex and extensive influence on national politics in Cameroon. The presence of social tensions, ethnic rivalries, and inter-group disputes poses a significant obstacle to the country's advancement towards achieving peace, stability, and prosperity. Furthermore, the presence of tribalism has detrimental effects on the confidence placed in governmental establishments, diminishes the credibility of elected officials, and hinders endeavours to cultivate a collective sense of national identity and unity among the populace. Although tribalism is acknowledged as a major obstacle to Cameroon's political stability and socio-economic progress, there is still a lack of comprehension of its precise expressions, methods, and outcomes within the framework of national politics (Gacem, 2019). The objective of this study is to examine the influence of tribalism on the political environment of Cameroon. The study aims to identify the fundamental factors that contribute to tribal dynamics, evaluate their consequences for governance and democracy, and investigate potential approaches to alleviate the divisive consequences of tribalism on national politics. Therefore the researcher sought to investigate  the impact of tribalism on national politics in Cameroon.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Tribalism continues to be a prominent socio-political phenomena in Cameroon, exerting profound influence on the political landscape of the country. In spite of ongoing efforts to promote national cohesion and inclusiveness, the influence of tribal associations persists in shaping political dynamics, often intensifying differences and impeding the efficacy of government (Rowaan, 2015). Nevertheless, there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of the specific characteristics and magnitude of tribalism's influence on the political environment of Cameroon, necessitating a methodical examination.  Hence, the need to investigate the impact of tribalism on national politics in Cameroon. 

1.3 Objective of the study

The broad objective of the study is to investigate the impact of tribalism on national politics in Cameroon. The specific objectives is as follows

To analyze the role of tribal identity in shaping electoral behavior and political alliances in Cameroon.

To assess the extent to which tribalism influences governance structures at the national level in Cameroon.

To propose strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of tribalism on Cameroon's national politics.

1.4 Research questions

The following questions have been prepared to guide the study

What is the role of tribal identity in shaping electoral behavior and political alliances in Cameroon?

What is the extent to which tribalism influences governance structures at the national level in Cameroon?

What are the propose strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of tribalism on Cameroon's national politics?

1.5 Significance of the study

The findings of the study is significant to the following

This study holds significant implications for understanding the dynamics of tribalism in Cameroon and its implications for governance, democracy, and social cohesion. By shedding light on the complex interplay between ethnicity and politics, it seeks to inform policy interventions aimed at promoting inclusive governance, mitigating inter-ethnic tensions, and fostering national unity. Furthermore, the findings of this research may contribute to scholarly debates on ethnic politics and provide insights applicable to other multi-ethnic societies facing similar challenges.

1.6 Scope of the study

The study focuses on investigating the impact of tribalism on national politics in Cameroon. Empirically, the study will analyze the role of tribal identity in shaping electoral behavior and political alliances in Cameroon, assess the extent to which tribalism influences governance structures at the national level in Cameroon and propose strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of tribalism on Cameroon's national politics.

1.7 Limitation of the study

Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. Insufficient funds tend to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire, and interview), which is why the researcher resorted to a moderate choice of sample size. More so, the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. As a result, the amount of time spent on research will be reduced.

1.8 Definition of terms

Tribalism: A social phenomenon characterized by strong loyalty and identification with one's ethnic or tribal group, often leading to discrimination, favoritism, and prejudice against individuals from other tribes.

National Politics: The processes, activities, and institutions involved in governance, decision-making, and political affairs at the national level within a country, including elections, legislative activities, policy formulation, and administration.